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This Post is not finished to the title is named : Complete Total synthesis of 1000g Amphetmine sulfate from "house hold chemicals" This list is made by what is possible to get in Norway without any chemical license, and is probably the WORST country in the world to get chemicals in. so i would be seriously surprised if anyone would need to synthesis any other chemical than those listed with Synthesis "recipe" here. The reason i need this is so i can make it possible to make this. if a person dont want to order chemicals from inertnational suppliers or if that just is not possible there sadly to this date is no "simple" guide or route for people to follow it, how ever this so far is hundreds of houers of head pain. lets solve this together.....
many of the chemicals is easily available from pool stores or hardware stores. i need help from you guys here to finish it up and calculating the correct amounts. when all the synthesis is in place i will do all the steps and make videos and pictures in 4k of all steps. i will also clean up the "write ups" and include pictures and illustrations and complete list/table of all chemicals to make one kg Finished Amphetamine sulfate. please read through and se if you spot any mistakes or if there is a faster / better yielding route that is not considered here. all chemicals in red text with ?? i dont have a clue how to make or what it yields. i hope we all can finish this "paper" together and make it so every person in the world can do this any help or comments that needs to go in the list PLEASE tell me. for those who contributes THANK you.
(AND YES ALL VIDEO AND FINISHED WORK UP WILL ONLY BE AVAILEBLE FROM THIS FORUM)
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Part 1:
Nitric Acid ???
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Part 2:
Sodium Acetate - Natriumacetat (CH₃COONa)
Sodium acetate can be easily prepared by reacting a solution of acetic acid with sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate decahydrate. In this synthesis, sodium carbonate decahydrate has been used.
The chemical equation is as follows: Na2CO3 x 10H2O + 2CH3COOH -> 2CH3COONa + 11H2O + CO2
1000 mL of 9% acetic acid contains approximately 1.50 moles of the mentioned acid. Considering the amounts of substances shown by the chemical equation, half the amount of sodium carbonate decahydrate is needed. Thereby, 0.75 moles (214.4 grams) of the mentioned compound has been weighed.
The procedure is very simple, so, along with the needed chemicals, the only other items needed are a large beaker or a pot in which the reaction will be done, and a gas burner or an electrical hot plate.
First, the solution of acetic acid is poured in a pot. After that, sodium carbonate decahydrate is added, while stirring constantly. During the reaction, a certain amount of carbon dioxide is produced, so it is better to add Na2CO3x10H2O slowly, so that the reaction doesn't become overly vigorous.
After the sodium carbonate decahydrate has been added, the reaction is finished. The next step involves heating the solution of sodium acetate in order to remove as much water as possible. The solution is heated until solid sodium acetate starts to form. After that moment, sodium acetate is separated to a separate container.
Sodium acetate can then be additionally dried by using silica gel or other compounds which are usually used for water absorption.
Such sodium acetate comes in trihydrate form. The trihydrate can be converted to the anhydride, or by further heating it or by using other similar procedures.
You need 1KG so how to scale this properly? any one have a synthesis for this?
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Part 3:
Sodium Nitrite
Step 1:
Neutrilize Carbon carbonate in Nitric acid to make Sodium Nitrate
Step 2:
Melt Sodium Ntrtate and add activated carbon to reduce it to Nitrite
Ammounts unknown yelds unknown?
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Part 4:
Synthesis of Sodium Ethyl Sulfate
Molecular Formula: C2H5NaO4S
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid
Boiling point: 209 °C
Melting Point: N/A
Molecular Weight: 148.12 g/mol
CAS Number: 546-74-7
Glassware:
5L Round bottom Flask
5L two or three necked Round bottom Flask
5L beaker
Condensing column.
Pressure equalizing addition funnel
Vacuum filter
Reagents:
140g Ethanol (Anhydrous)
300g Sulfuric Acid (98%)
2000ml Distilled water
"≈" 260g Calcium Carbonate
"≈" 350g concentrated Sodium Carbonate solution (40g/100ml)
410ml Ethanol (Anhydrous) for purification
Part 1: Ethyl Hydrogen Sulfate
CH3CH2OH + H2SO4 = C2H5OSO3 + H20
Ethanol and sulfuric acid is put in freezer to cool down to 0 °C. water is put in fridge.
Ice water bath is prepared then Ethanol was added to a round bottom flask with a pressure equalizing drip funnel.
The Sulfuric acid is added SLOWLY drop by drop with strong stirring in the ice bath. The addition should take minimum 35 minutes from first to last drop.
After the addition is completed the reaction temperature should not be higher then 20 °C.
Let the solution stir vigorously in the ice bath for 60 minutes.
After 60 minutes the solution has turned yellow, the ice bath is removed and the reaction mixture is placed in a two necked flask and put in a heating bath that is heated to 50°C.
Heat to reaction mixture is at 50°C for 60 minutes then cool off to room temperature.
Put 2000ml cold water to 5L beaker then slowly add the cooled reaction mixture.
Part 2: Ethyl Hydrogen Sulfate into - Calcium Ethyl Hydrogen Sulfate
2C2H5OSO3H+CACO3 = (C2H50S03)2CA + H2O + CO2
Add calcium carbonate (≈260g) slowly with strong stirring to PH 7
The beaker was then heated to 60 °C in a water bath, also heat some rinse water 200ml.
Filter off the precipitate (Calcium sulfate) and rinse beaker and wash with the heated water.
Keep the filtered mixture.
Part 3: Calcium Ethyl Sulfate into - Sodium Ethyl Hydrogen Sulfate
(C2H50S03)2CA + NA2CO3 = 2C2H5OSO3NA + CaCO3
To filtered mixture add concentrated sodium carbonate solution (≈350g)
Calcium Carbonate will precipitate out of solution
Keep adding Sodium carbonate to it turns alkaline (PH 12-14)
Vacuum filter out the Calcium carbonate. Wash filtrate well with a little cold water
Boil solution until it becomes cloudy then filter (Precipitate this is Calcium Carbonate)
Continue to evaporate the filtrate till dry.
To dry mixture add 400ml Anhydrous ethanol and warm on water bath to most of the solids dissolves
Filter through a heated vacuum funnel, rinse Beaker with 10 ml Anhydrous ethanol.
When filtrate comes down to room temperature filter out the crystals,
Return filtrate to freezer to make s second batch of crystals- then filter. Add crystals from batch one.
Yield is 235g – 51-65% of theoretical. This needs to be done x33 times or scaled up to give 7584g
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Part 5:
Prepare Benzyl Alcohol from Toluene -- any one have a synthesis for this???
Toluene contains a methyl group attached to a phenyl group. Benzyl alcohol contains a hydroxymethyl group attached to a phenyl group. First replace one hydrogen atom of methyl group of toluene with a chlorine atom. Then replace the chlorine atom with a hydroxyl group.
Complete answer:
In toluene, a methyl group is attached to a benzene ring. In benzyl alcohol, one hydroxyl group is attached to the benzyl group. A benzyl group is a combination of methylene group with phenyl group.
The conversion of toluene into benzyl alcohol can be achieved in two steps.
Free radical chlorination of toluene with chlorine in presence of ultraviolet light or heat give benzyl chloride. One hydrogen atom of methyl group of toluene is replaced with chlorine atom. A molecule of hydrogen chloride is eliminated. In this reaction, the benzene ring remains as it is. No reaction occurs between benzene ring and chlorine. Only the aliphatic methyl group reacts with chlorine.
In the next step, benzyl chloride undergoes nucleophilic substitution reaction in presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to form benzyl alcohol. A molecule of sodium chloride is eliminated.
Note: Alkyl halides react with aqueous sodium hydroxide to undergo substitution reaction, in which halogen atom is replaced with hydroxyl group. If instead of aqueous sodium chloride, the reagent used is alcoholic sodium hydroxide, then alkyl halides prefer dehydrohalogenation reaction.
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Part 6:
Benzaldehyde synthesis from Benzyl Alcohol
Salted ice bath (-10 °C);
Pasteur pipette and/or drip funnel, 100 ml (optional);
Separating funnel 250 ml;
Retort stand and clamp for securing apparatus;
Magnetic stirrer (optional);
Beaker 100 ml (x2) and 200 ml (x2);
Measuring cylinder for 100 ml;
Laboratory scale (1 g - 100 g is suitable).
66 g (610 mmol) of benzyl alcohol;
30 g Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3);
50 g Sodium sulphate (NaSO4);
30 g Sodium chloride (NaCl);
2 L Distilled water.
The flask was manually swirled by hand to mix the reagents, and an immediate change in color from pale yellow to a bright yellow-green was noted. As more benzyl alcohol was added, an upper layer separated and the color of this gradually deepened to an intense blue-green. The release of brown nitrogen oxide vapors was also noted. The classic almond extract of aroma was already heavy upon the air between additions by this point.
Upon each further addition of benzyl alcohol and with stirring of the mixture, the color disappeared and became milky yellow, but after being allowed to react, the blue color returned; the color change was used to follow the reaction, with each addition of benzyl alcohol occurring after the upper layer had regained the unusual coloration. With some difficulty, I managed to get enough light passing through the deep green mixture for a picture.
A total of 66 g (610 mmol) of benzyl alcohol were added over the course of about 4 hours. While an ice salt bath was used to regulate temperature at the beginning of the experiment, as the reaction continues, and the concentration of nitric acid falls, the reaction slows significantly and it is sufficient to carry out the last third or so of the reaction at room temperature. For a reason to avoid benzyl alcohol contamination of the synthesis product, addition of benzyl alcohol ceased when the blue-green color didn't return, at least to its full strength, after allowing the reaction mixture to sit for a period of 30 minutes.
After being left to sit overnight (I recommend you to stir overnight, if it is possible) in an airtight container, the two-layer mixture was placed in a separatory funnel (250 ml) and the lower aqueous layer removed. The top layer was washed twice with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, followed by distilled water, and finally partially dried with a wash of saturated sodium chloride. The pale green upper layer as well as the aqueous layer became immediately red-orange in color after the sodium bicarbonate solution was added for the first time, though the color of the aqueous layer is noticeably less with each successive wash. The brine wash came out colorless, though the benzaldehyde layer is still strongly colored.
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Part 7:
Glacial Acetic Acid – (CH₃COOH)
50g anhydrous sodium acetate (C2H3NaO2)
75ml concentrated Sulfuric Acid
Add anhydrous sodium acetate in a Round bottom flask add a drip funnel and drip concentrated Sulfuric Acid on a hot plate
Collect distillate at 115°C
Result = 35ml This needs to be done x20 Times or scaled up to give 700ml total
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Part 8:
Appearance: oily liquid, fruity odor
Boiling Point: 112.0 to 116.0 °C/760 mmHg
Melting Point: -90 °C
Molecular Weight: 75.067 g/mol
Density: 1.054 g/ml (20° C)
Refractive Index: 1.3917 at 20 °C/D; 1.39007 at 24.3 °C/D
From sodium ethyl sulfate and a metal nitrite.
158g Sodium Ethyl Sulfate (1 moles)
103.5g Sodium Nitrite (1.5 moles) ? how to calculate yield or even how to make it??? see part 3
8.6g Potassium Carbonate (0.0625 moles)
The mixture is then heated to 125-130 °C, at which temperature the nitroethane distills over as soon as it is formed.
The heating is discontinued when the distillation flow slackens considerably, and the crude nitroethane is washed with an equal amount of water, dried over CaCl2, and if needed, decolorized with a little activated carbon. The nitroethane is then re-distilled, collecting the fraction between 114-116 °C. Yield = 21g 42-46% of theory.
To make 1000g Nitroethane (x48 from synthesis above)
7584g Sodium Ethyl Sulfate (48 moles)
4968g Sodium Nitrite (72 moles)
412,8g Potassium Carbonate (3 moles)
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Part 9:
Henry reaction for 1-phenyl-2-nitropropene
Reaction scheme:
Ingredients:
1000 ml Benzaldehyde,
1000 ml Nitroethane,
250 ml Glacial Acetic Acid
50 ml N-butylamine / Cyclohexylamine how to make any of this???
1. All ingredients was added in 10 L flask.
2. Install a condenser on the flask.
3. Start stirring and heat reaction mixture to 60 °C.
4. Heating mixture 2-3 hours.
5. Empty mixture in the bucket.
6. Add 800 ml IPA in the bucket and stirred.
7. Put the bucket in the freezer for 12 hours.
8. After that time, P2NP was crystallized.
9. Filtered and dried. Result = 1500g P2NP
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Part 10:
Amphetamine Sulfate
Ingredients:
50g P2NP
500ml Isopropanol
85g of Aliuminium foil (better to use thick foil)
500ml 98% acetic acid (can also use 70%, than don’t need water)
500g NaOH
10ml H2SO4
2250ml dH2O
500mg of Hg(no3) ? how to make this???
400ml DCM can Diethyl ether be used instead here???
Step 1:
Firstly, you will make mix with acetic acid and water. Water we need, because we are using 98% of acetic. If you will use 70%, than you do not need water. Pour (500ml GAA + 250ml dH2O) in to 2L erlenmeyer flask.
Step 2:
Prepare solution of 50g P2NP and IPA. Dissolve 50g in to 500ml of warm IPA. then Let to cool.
Step 3:
While IPA solutions is cooling, need to make aluminum amalgam. Cut 85g aluminum foil in to squares 1x1. And put in a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask then add in 200ml dH2O, add 500mg of Hg(no3) or other Hg salts and stir. After 5-10 minutes you will see grey dregs in the jar. That mean, the amalgamation is started. Wait about 10 minutes more and wash aluminum with water 3 times. Than all dregs and Hg(no3) (wash out - Because Hg salts are very dangerous!)
Step 4:
You are ready to start reaction. Add aluminum amalgam in to acetic acid with water mix. Wait for about 3-5 minutes, while solution will be grey. You can stir it or swirl.
Step 5:
Than add P2NP solution and stir a little bit. After addition in the 5-10 minutes will start stormy reaction. add condenser to Erlenmeyer flask. let the flask sit still for about 20-25 minutes.
Step 6:
In this time, all solution will boil.
When the reaction is over, put the flask on the hotplate and re-flux for 1hour. use boiling water bath.
After 45 minutes, you can see that the reaction has turned pink.
Re-flux is over. Let to cool to room temperature. You got red/yellow solution.
Step 7:
While the solution is cooling, we need NaOH. Add 500g NaOH in the jar and pour 500ml dH2O. The solution will be very hot. Cool it, so put in the freezer or ice and salt water bath.
Step 8:
When two solutions were cooled, start to pour NaOH solution. Pour in a small amount, because all mix in the erlenmeyer flask will start to heat. So add it slowly and good stir after addition. Need to do this while you will see 2 layers and the ph will be 10-12. When the NaOH is added, wait while all solution will be cool. Need to pick topest layer, red/yellow.
Step 9:
empty reaction mixture in a separate funnel. Extraction with dichlormethane 2x200ml.So, we collected the amphetamine freebase. Check the ph.
Ph is 11.
Now need to convert freebase to amphetamine sulfate. This you will do with sulfur acid and isopropanol.
Step 10:
Solution H2SO4 + IPA (10ml).
Drop by drop add the acid to the freebase and stir a lot. You will see how amphetamine sulphate appears. Add acid solution to the PH reach 7.
Step 11:
Than filtrate all amphetamine sulfate and let to dry in the warm place.
35g amphetamine sulfate from 50g P2NP.It`s 70% yield. This needs to be done x30 times to produce 1kg Amphetamine sulfate or scaled up to do bigger reaction
many of the chemicals is easily available from pool stores or hardware stores. i need help from you guys here to finish it up and calculating the correct amounts. when all the synthesis is in place i will do all the steps and make videos and pictures in 4k of all steps. i will also clean up the "write ups" and include pictures and illustrations and complete list/table of all chemicals to make one kg Finished Amphetamine sulfate. please read through and se if you spot any mistakes or if there is a faster / better yielding route that is not considered here. all chemicals in red text with ?? i dont have a clue how to make or what it yields. i hope we all can finish this "paper" together and make it so every person in the world can do this any help or comments that needs to go in the list PLEASE tell me. for those who contributes THANK you.
(AND YES ALL VIDEO AND FINISHED WORK UP WILL ONLY BE AVAILEBLE FROM THIS FORUM)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part 1:
Nitric Acid ???
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part 2:
Sodium Acetate - Natriumacetat (CH₃COONa)
Sodium acetate can be easily prepared by reacting a solution of acetic acid with sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate decahydrate. In this synthesis, sodium carbonate decahydrate has been used.
The chemical equation is as follows: Na2CO3 x 10H2O + 2CH3COOH -> 2CH3COONa + 11H2O + CO2
1000 mL of 9% acetic acid contains approximately 1.50 moles of the mentioned acid. Considering the amounts of substances shown by the chemical equation, half the amount of sodium carbonate decahydrate is needed. Thereby, 0.75 moles (214.4 grams) of the mentioned compound has been weighed.
The procedure is very simple, so, along with the needed chemicals, the only other items needed are a large beaker or a pot in which the reaction will be done, and a gas burner or an electrical hot plate.
First, the solution of acetic acid is poured in a pot. After that, sodium carbonate decahydrate is added, while stirring constantly. During the reaction, a certain amount of carbon dioxide is produced, so it is better to add Na2CO3x10H2O slowly, so that the reaction doesn't become overly vigorous.
After the sodium carbonate decahydrate has been added, the reaction is finished. The next step involves heating the solution of sodium acetate in order to remove as much water as possible. The solution is heated until solid sodium acetate starts to form. After that moment, sodium acetate is separated to a separate container.
Sodium acetate can then be additionally dried by using silica gel or other compounds which are usually used for water absorption.
Such sodium acetate comes in trihydrate form. The trihydrate can be converted to the anhydride, or by further heating it or by using other similar procedures.
You need 1KG so how to scale this properly? any one have a synthesis for this?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part 3:
Sodium Nitrite
Step 1:
Neutrilize Carbon carbonate in Nitric acid to make Sodium Nitrate
Step 2:
Melt Sodium Ntrtate and add activated carbon to reduce it to Nitrite
Ammounts unknown yelds unknown?
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Part 4:
Synthesis of Sodium Ethyl Sulfate
Molecular Formula: C2H5NaO4S
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid
Boiling point: 209 °C
Melting Point: N/A
Molecular Weight: 148.12 g/mol
CAS Number: 546-74-7
Glassware:
5L Round bottom Flask
5L two or three necked Round bottom Flask
5L beaker
Condensing column.
Pressure equalizing addition funnel
Vacuum filter
Reagents:
140g Ethanol (Anhydrous)
300g Sulfuric Acid (98%)
2000ml Distilled water
"≈" 260g Calcium Carbonate
"≈" 350g concentrated Sodium Carbonate solution (40g/100ml)
410ml Ethanol (Anhydrous) for purification
Part 1: Ethyl Hydrogen Sulfate
CH3CH2OH + H2SO4 = C2H5OSO3 + H20
Ethanol and sulfuric acid is put in freezer to cool down to 0 °C. water is put in fridge.
Ice water bath is prepared then Ethanol was added to a round bottom flask with a pressure equalizing drip funnel.
The Sulfuric acid is added SLOWLY drop by drop with strong stirring in the ice bath. The addition should take minimum 35 minutes from first to last drop.
After the addition is completed the reaction temperature should not be higher then 20 °C.
Let the solution stir vigorously in the ice bath for 60 minutes.
After 60 minutes the solution has turned yellow, the ice bath is removed and the reaction mixture is placed in a two necked flask and put in a heating bath that is heated to 50°C.
Heat to reaction mixture is at 50°C for 60 minutes then cool off to room temperature.
Put 2000ml cold water to 5L beaker then slowly add the cooled reaction mixture.
Part 2: Ethyl Hydrogen Sulfate into - Calcium Ethyl Hydrogen Sulfate
2C2H5OSO3H+CACO3 = (C2H50S03)2CA + H2O + CO2
Add calcium carbonate (≈260g) slowly with strong stirring to PH 7
The beaker was then heated to 60 °C in a water bath, also heat some rinse water 200ml.
Filter off the precipitate (Calcium sulfate) and rinse beaker and wash with the heated water.
Keep the filtered mixture.
Part 3: Calcium Ethyl Sulfate into - Sodium Ethyl Hydrogen Sulfate
(C2H50S03)2CA + NA2CO3 = 2C2H5OSO3NA + CaCO3
To filtered mixture add concentrated sodium carbonate solution (≈350g)
Calcium Carbonate will precipitate out of solution
Keep adding Sodium carbonate to it turns alkaline (PH 12-14)
Vacuum filter out the Calcium carbonate. Wash filtrate well with a little cold water
Boil solution until it becomes cloudy then filter (Precipitate this is Calcium Carbonate)
Continue to evaporate the filtrate till dry.
To dry mixture add 400ml Anhydrous ethanol and warm on water bath to most of the solids dissolves
Filter through a heated vacuum funnel, rinse Beaker with 10 ml Anhydrous ethanol.
When filtrate comes down to room temperature filter out the crystals,
Return filtrate to freezer to make s second batch of crystals- then filter. Add crystals from batch one.
Yield is 235g – 51-65% of theoretical. This needs to be done x33 times or scaled up to give 7584g
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Part 5:
Prepare Benzyl Alcohol from Toluene -- any one have a synthesis for this???
Toluene contains a methyl group attached to a phenyl group. Benzyl alcohol contains a hydroxymethyl group attached to a phenyl group. First replace one hydrogen atom of methyl group of toluene with a chlorine atom. Then replace the chlorine atom with a hydroxyl group.
Complete answer:
In toluene, a methyl group is attached to a benzene ring. In benzyl alcohol, one hydroxyl group is attached to the benzyl group. A benzyl group is a combination of methylene group with phenyl group.
The conversion of toluene into benzyl alcohol can be achieved in two steps.
Free radical chlorination of toluene with chlorine in presence of ultraviolet light or heat give benzyl chloride. One hydrogen atom of methyl group of toluene is replaced with chlorine atom. A molecule of hydrogen chloride is eliminated. In this reaction, the benzene ring remains as it is. No reaction occurs between benzene ring and chlorine. Only the aliphatic methyl group reacts with chlorine.
In the next step, benzyl chloride undergoes nucleophilic substitution reaction in presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to form benzyl alcohol. A molecule of sodium chloride is eliminated.
Note: Alkyl halides react with aqueous sodium hydroxide to undergo substitution reaction, in which halogen atom is replaced with hydroxyl group. If instead of aqueous sodium chloride, the reagent used is alcoholic sodium hydroxide, then alkyl halides prefer dehydrohalogenation reaction.
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Part 6:
Benzaldehyde synthesis from Benzyl Alcohol
Introduction
The procedure below describes the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in high yield using aqueous nitric acid as an oxidizer. Other methods of oxidizing benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde are well-known, including those using chlorochromates, persulfate, or activated manganese dioxide. The method is advantageous in that it gives a high yield while using relatively simple equipment and more common, easy-to-obtain reagents than others.Equipment and glassware:
Round-bottom flask, 250 ml;Salted ice bath (-10 °C);
Pasteur pipette and/or drip funnel, 100 ml (optional);
Separating funnel 250 ml;
Retort stand and clamp for securing apparatus;
Magnetic stirrer (optional);
Beaker 100 ml (x2) and 200 ml (x2);
Measuring cylinder for 100 ml;
Laboratory scale (1 g - 100 g is suitable).
Reagents:
50 g 90% nitric acid (density 1.48 g/ml); how to make? or how to calculate yield???66 g (610 mmol) of benzyl alcohol;
30 g Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3);
50 g Sodium sulphate (NaSO4);
30 g Sodium chloride (NaCl);
2 L Distilled water.
Procedure.
50 g (714 mmol) of 90% nitric acid (density 1.48 g/ml) were placed in a 250 ml round-bottom flask. The nitric acid was cooled in a salted ice bath (-10 °C) and a couple of ml of benzyl alcohol (technical grade or better) were added to the flask using a Pasteur pipette.The flask was manually swirled by hand to mix the reagents, and an immediate change in color from pale yellow to a bright yellow-green was noted. As more benzyl alcohol was added, an upper layer separated and the color of this gradually deepened to an intense blue-green. The release of brown nitrogen oxide vapors was also noted. The classic almond extract of aroma was already heavy upon the air between additions by this point.
Upon each further addition of benzyl alcohol and with stirring of the mixture, the color disappeared and became milky yellow, but after being allowed to react, the blue color returned; the color change was used to follow the reaction, with each addition of benzyl alcohol occurring after the upper layer had regained the unusual coloration. With some difficulty, I managed to get enough light passing through the deep green mixture for a picture.
A total of 66 g (610 mmol) of benzyl alcohol were added over the course of about 4 hours. While an ice salt bath was used to regulate temperature at the beginning of the experiment, as the reaction continues, and the concentration of nitric acid falls, the reaction slows significantly and it is sufficient to carry out the last third or so of the reaction at room temperature. For a reason to avoid benzyl alcohol contamination of the synthesis product, addition of benzyl alcohol ceased when the blue-green color didn't return, at least to its full strength, after allowing the reaction mixture to sit for a period of 30 minutes.
After being left to sit overnight (I recommend you to stir overnight, if it is possible) in an airtight container, the two-layer mixture was placed in a separatory funnel (250 ml) and the lower aqueous layer removed. The top layer was washed twice with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, followed by distilled water, and finally partially dried with a wash of saturated sodium chloride. The pale green upper layer as well as the aqueous layer became immediately red-orange in color after the sodium bicarbonate solution was added for the first time, though the color of the aqueous layer is noticeably less with each successive wash. The brine wash came out colorless, though the benzaldehyde layer is still strongly colored.
Discussion
GC-MS analysis has shown chromatogram which was contained 3 major peaks. The largest peak, benzaldehyde, was measured at 92% of the peak area, with an additional peak for residual benzyl alcohol making up another 3%. The final yield of this synthesis in pure benzaldehyde came out to about 79%. This synthesis may be scaled up easily. I strongly recommend to use vacuum distillation before utilizing this substance in further syntheses.Conclusion
Given limited equipment and space, this synthesis, while proceeding without any major hitches or obstacles, could likely be improved in a few ways. Magnetic stirring and a drip funnel would almost certainly be preferable to hovering over the reaction mixture and swirling it manually, for example. Also, use laboratory grade reagents to increase yield and decrease side products, if it is possible.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part 7:
Glacial Acetic Acid – (CH₃COOH)
50g anhydrous sodium acetate (C2H3NaO2)
75ml concentrated Sulfuric Acid
Add anhydrous sodium acetate in a Round bottom flask add a drip funnel and drip concentrated Sulfuric Acid on a hot plate
Collect distillate at 115°C
Result = 35ml This needs to be done x20 Times or scaled up to give 700ml total
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Part 8:
Synthesis of Nitroethane
Appearance: oily liquid, fruity odor
Boiling Point: 112.0 to 116.0 °C/760 mmHg
Melting Point: -90 °C
Molecular Weight: 75.067 g/mol
Density: 1.054 g/ml (20° C)
Refractive Index: 1.3917 at 20 °C/D; 1.39007 at 24.3 °C/D
From sodium ethyl sulfate and a metal nitrite.
158g Sodium Ethyl Sulfate (1 moles)
103.5g Sodium Nitrite (1.5 moles) ? how to calculate yield or even how to make it??? see part 3
8.6g Potassium Carbonate (0.0625 moles)
The mixture is then heated to 125-130 °C, at which temperature the nitroethane distills over as soon as it is formed.
The heating is discontinued when the distillation flow slackens considerably, and the crude nitroethane is washed with an equal amount of water, dried over CaCl2, and if needed, decolorized with a little activated carbon. The nitroethane is then re-distilled, collecting the fraction between 114-116 °C. Yield = 21g 42-46% of theory.
To make 1000g Nitroethane (x48 from synthesis above)
7584g Sodium Ethyl Sulfate (48 moles)
4968g Sodium Nitrite (72 moles)
412,8g Potassium Carbonate (3 moles)
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Part 9:
Henry reaction for 1-phenyl-2-nitropropene
Reaction scheme:
Ingredients:
1000 ml Benzaldehyde,
1000 ml Nitroethane,
250 ml Glacial Acetic Acid
50 ml N-butylamine / Cyclohexylamine how to make any of this???
1. All ingredients was added in 10 L flask.
2. Install a condenser on the flask.
3. Start stirring and heat reaction mixture to 60 °C.
4. Heating mixture 2-3 hours.
5. Empty mixture in the bucket.
6. Add 800 ml IPA in the bucket and stirred.
7. Put the bucket in the freezer for 12 hours.
8. After that time, P2NP was crystallized.
9. Filtered and dried. Result = 1500g P2NP
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Part 10:
Amphetamine Sulfate
Ingredients:
50g P2NP
500ml Isopropanol
85g of Aliuminium foil (better to use thick foil)
500ml 98% acetic acid (can also use 70%, than don’t need water)
500g NaOH
10ml H2SO4
2250ml dH2O
500mg of Hg(no3) ? how to make this???
400ml DCM can Diethyl ether be used instead here???
Step 1:
Firstly, you will make mix with acetic acid and water. Water we need, because we are using 98% of acetic. If you will use 70%, than you do not need water. Pour (500ml GAA + 250ml dH2O) in to 2L erlenmeyer flask.
Step 2:
Prepare solution of 50g P2NP and IPA. Dissolve 50g in to 500ml of warm IPA. then Let to cool.
Step 3:
While IPA solutions is cooling, need to make aluminum amalgam. Cut 85g aluminum foil in to squares 1x1. And put in a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask then add in 200ml dH2O, add 500mg of Hg(no3) or other Hg salts and stir. After 5-10 minutes you will see grey dregs in the jar. That mean, the amalgamation is started. Wait about 10 minutes more and wash aluminum with water 3 times. Than all dregs and Hg(no3) (wash out - Because Hg salts are very dangerous!)
Step 4:
You are ready to start reaction. Add aluminum amalgam in to acetic acid with water mix. Wait for about 3-5 minutes, while solution will be grey. You can stir it or swirl.
Step 5:
Than add P2NP solution and stir a little bit. After addition in the 5-10 minutes will start stormy reaction. add condenser to Erlenmeyer flask. let the flask sit still for about 20-25 minutes.
Step 6:
In this time, all solution will boil.
When the reaction is over, put the flask on the hotplate and re-flux for 1hour. use boiling water bath.
After 45 minutes, you can see that the reaction has turned pink.
Re-flux is over. Let to cool to room temperature. You got red/yellow solution.
Step 7:
While the solution is cooling, we need NaOH. Add 500g NaOH in the jar and pour 500ml dH2O. The solution will be very hot. Cool it, so put in the freezer or ice and salt water bath.
Step 8:
When two solutions were cooled, start to pour NaOH solution. Pour in a small amount, because all mix in the erlenmeyer flask will start to heat. So add it slowly and good stir after addition. Need to do this while you will see 2 layers and the ph will be 10-12. When the NaOH is added, wait while all solution will be cool. Need to pick topest layer, red/yellow.
Step 9:
empty reaction mixture in a separate funnel. Extraction with dichlormethane 2x200ml.So, we collected the amphetamine freebase. Check the ph.
Ph is 11.
Now need to convert freebase to amphetamine sulfate. This you will do with sulfur acid and isopropanol.
Step 10:
Solution H2SO4 + IPA (10ml).
Drop by drop add the acid to the freebase and stir a lot. You will see how amphetamine sulphate appears. Add acid solution to the PH reach 7.
Step 11:
Than filtrate all amphetamine sulfate and let to dry in the warm place.
35g amphetamine sulfate from 50g P2NP.It`s 70% yield. This needs to be done x30 times to produce 1kg Amphetamine sulfate or scaled up to do bigger reaction
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